Who is controlling the definitions to the concepts we are using in agriculture and food research?
This might seem obvious but many food/agriculture issues in Brussels are problematic because of poor lexicons. Definitions matter in that they frame our policy discussions, regulations and emotional responses. Regulators start their work with definitions and tend to use this to limit problems or to reach solutions to sticky problems. Sometimes a definition is concocted with interests and intent: official terms like Belgian chocolate or German beer have proved beneficial for more than mere national industries.
Opportunists come in and define words or concepts to their advantage, tack on adjectives and create dichotomies to manage perceptions. A noun like “chemical” carries a negative connotation which environmental lobbyists can deteriorate with adjectives like “toxic”, “industrial” or “synthetic”. An organic food is then defined with adjectives such as “natural”, “traditional” and “environmental” and we can see how the perception of reality can easily be abused by such opportunists. Welcome to Brussels!
Define a potato?
This seems like an obvious question in a room like this but some recent debates may put your definition into question. The Wageningen late blight resistant cisgenic potato trials showed how novel seed breeding techniques could protect a crop without pesticides. The organic food industry lobby, however, excluded this innovation from its definition of a potato (even though the cisgenic potato was bred with a South American heirloom potato – it was not transgenic).
A GMO potato is defined apart from conventionally bred potatoes, and in doing so, is effectively legislated out of the European Union. At what point in the modification would it stop being defined as a potato and more like a fish? What about biofortified potatoes? Like the case of Golden Rice, definitions matter.
Does a potato need to be grown in soil to be a potato? Bioponics has challenged the organic food industry who insisted that for produce to be identified as organic, it needs to be grown in soil. Can a tuber grown in a fertiliser slurry be a potato?
This morning I put potato milk in my coffee. Although it was quite nice, I am not sure dairy farmers would appreciate such an extension of the word “milk”.
Define sustainability?
“Sustainable” has become a value-laden concept – a virtue. More than three decades ago, sustainable development meant that we should not take resources from future generations for today’s processes or production (and people started to measure progress by their ecological footprints). Today it is identified with the fight to stop climate change and restore biodiversity. Neither of these issues can be precisely measured which then allows interested parties to define “sustainability” creatively. So fossil fuels are not sustainable nor are plastics or complex global value chains. Banks, airlines, data centres … the list is unlimited.
It is rather interesting how the term “sustainable” has become defined in a political / social justice manner. Capitalism became the enemy of sustainable development with pundits like Naomi Klein saying you can either have capitalism or fight climate change, but not both. Groups like Extinction Rebellion morphed from a climate action group into a social justice organisation. Even the World Economic Forum was toying with the idea of the Great Capitalism Reset (until their billionaires lost 25% of their net worth earlier this year and then… not a peep at Davos last week). Now it seems the lawyers and activists behind the agroecology movement suddenly have become agricultural consultants promoting smallholder/peasant models to farming.
Define sustainable farming?
Activists define sustainable farming as the antithesis to conventional (industrial) farming. But is organic farming more sustainable if its production yields average 40% less? Agritechnologies (led most often by industry) have allowed food production increases to keep up with a growing population. The next wave of technologies (precision farming, accelerated seed breeding, conservation/regenerative agriculture methods…) are setting the scene for a wave of sustainable intensification where not only will yields keep up with global population and affluence growth, but also be able to re-wild less productive land. Agroecologists can only dream that their social justice definition of sustainable farming could achieve these numbers. Sorry, but seriously, how could you effectively farm no-till with multi-species cover crops without herbicides? Their ideology promises a better world but their reality gives them Sri Lanka.
One of the challenges to accepting the role of agritechnology in sustainable farming is the definition and value of the term “natural”. Is farming part of nature? Nature is an emotional concept, often juxtaposed to what conventional farmers are doing. It doesn’t help that nature is defined differently according to the region. In Canada, nature is perceived as: me, a canoe and a bear. In such a situation, we are far away from any farmland. In Belgium, nature is promoted and celebrated in urban areas and farmland is borrowing from nature. The relationship of farming and nature is wide open for interpretation.
What is a pesticide?
In Uganda, pesticides are called medicines for plants. This makes sense. In the West, pesticides carry an essence of evil baggage with it; it is taboo. So the industry attempted to use the kinder, gentler term: crop protection. When some blogger referred to a Dirty Dozen of toxic pesticides approved for organic farming, the organic food lobby had to resort to making the claim: “We don’t use any synthetic pesticides!”. These activists cleverly avoid associating organic farming with pesticides; some still want us to believe their produce is “pesticide-free”.
But now there is a new term making the rounds: “biologicals” creating an impression that this is nature fighting nature in a very benign, sustainable manner. The pesticide industry is beginning to focus on research in biologicals. But that raises another question…
Do some not trust agricultural innovation and technology because of the science or because it is industry-based? Can industry be allowed to do sustainable research in biologicals or have our definitions limited the public’s capacity to perceive reality? I regret to say that a good part of the attack on conventional agricultural tools are an attack on the crop protection industry.
How to insult farmers
Definitions are community-based – tribal. Scientists define terms like “toxic” or “sustainable” in different terms from the general public. Too often, activists spread fear-driven vocabulary to manipulate perceptions, the media pick that up and regulators react. So wordsmithed phrases like “industrial food drenched in toxic chemicals” will force a skittish regulator to act regardless what the scientists are doing.
The EU has re-defined agricultural policy within their Green Deal and climate debate via its Farm2Fork strategy. It defines conventional agriculture as a main environmental problem (claiming food systems account for 30% of greenhouse gas emissions) and proposes to limit agricultural technologies: 50% decrease in pesticide use; 20% reduction in fertilisers and a 25% increase in organic production. (One potential good news: the European Commission looks likely to be reconsidering its definition of new plant breeding techniques – no longer classifying it under the stifling 2001 GMO Directive).
These definitions need to be countered; their solutions need to be questioned.
As a final insult to agriculture, the European Commission has been applying a very strict definition of the precautionary principle to guide its agriculture policy decisions known as the “reversal of the burden of proof”. This interpretation states that a substance, product or process can only remain on the market if it can be proven with certainty to be safe. How do you define “certain” or “safe” within a risk management context? Reality: you cannot. A scientist is continually trying to develop safer solutions and challenging the presuppositions – the opposite of what the Commission’s definition of the precautionary principle aims to do.
Take back the definitions
This definition of precaution needs to be questioned – I have been calling for a White Paper on Risk Management to properly define and delineate the guidelines for using the precautionary principle within the context of a larger risk management process (rather than in place of RM).
So what all actors in the potato value chain need to do is take back the definitions: define the benefits of potatoes, its sustainability, the safe use of crop protection and seed breeding practises.
One last point in closing: We are defined by events and the present food and energy crises are dramatically influencing how policy decisions are being made (less idealism and more Realpolitik). Half of the world has rice as their main food staple and with Asian smallholders unable to afford fertiliser costs, fewer crops at lower yields will spell disaster for large vulnerable populations. The potato sector is well-positioned to be a short-term solution to the coming global food security crisis. That message needs to be better defined.
David Zaruk is a professor at Odisee University College where he lectures on Communications, Marketing, EU Lobbying and PR. He also provides training courses and is a regular keynote speaker. In the past, he has been employed by Solvay, Cefic and Burson-Marsteller, retiring from “active work” in 2006. You can follow David on X @Zaruk
A version of this article was originally posted at The Risk-Monger and is reposted here with permission. Any reposting should credit both the GLP and original article.
