Genome-editing tools provide advanced biotechnological techniques that …. have been utilized in a wide variety of plant species to characterize gene functions and improve agricultural traits …. [W]e review novel breakthroughs that are extending the potential of genome-edited crops [and discuss] [fu]ture prospects for integrating this revolutionary technology with conventional and new-age crop breeding strategies.
…
The risks involved in altering genomes through the use of genome-editing technology are significantly lower than those associated with GM crops because most edits alter only a few nucleotides, producing changes that are not unlike those found throughout naturally occurring populations.
Crop species |
Gene editor |
Target gene |
DNA repair type |
Target trait |
Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maize |
ZFNs |
ZmIPK1 |
HR |
Herbicide tolerant and phytate reduced maize |
[14] |
Maize |
ZFNs |
ZmTLP |
HR |
Trait stacking |
[15] |
Rice |
ZFNs |
OsQQR |
HR |
Trait stacking |
[16] |
Rice |
TALENs |
OsSWEET14 |
NHEJ |
Bacterial blight resistance |
[18] |
Wheat |
TALENs |
TaMLO |
NHEJ |
Powdery mildew resistance |
[19] |
Maize |
TALENs |
ZmGL2 |
NHEJ |
Reduced epicuticular wax in leaves |
[20] |
Sugarcane |
TALENs |
COMT |
NHEJ |
Improved cell wall composition |
[21] |
Sugarcane |
TALENs |
COMT |
NHEJ |
Improved saccharification efficiency |
[22] |
Soybean |
TALENs |
FAD2-1A, FAD2-1B |
NHEJ |
High oleic acid contents |
[23] |
Soybean |
TALENs |
FAD2-1A, FAD2-1B, FAD3A |
NHEJ |
High oleic, low linoleic contents |
[24] |
Potato |
TALENs |
VInv |
NHEJ |
Minimizing reducing sugars |
[25] |
Rice |
TALENs |
OsBADH2 |
NHEJ |
Fragrant rice |
[26] |
Maize |
TALENs |
ZmMTL |
NHEJ |
Induction of haploid plants |
[27] |
Brassica oleracea |
TALENs |
FRIGIDA |
NHEJ |
Flowering earlier |
[28] |
Tomato |
TALENs |
ANT1 |
HR |
Purple tomatoes with high anthocyanin |
[29] |
Rice |
CRISPR/Cas9 |
LAZY1 |
NHEJ |
Tiller-spreading |
[39] |
Rice |
CRISPR/Cas9 |
Gn1a, GS3, DEP1 |
NHEJ |
Enhanced grain number, larger grain size and dense erect panicles |
[40] |
Wheat |
CRISPR/Cas9 |
GW2 |
NHEJ |
Increased grain weight and protein content |
[41] |
Camelina sativa |
CRISPR/Cas9 |
FAD2 |
NHEJ |
Decreased polyunsaturated fatty acids |
[42] |
Rice |
CRISPR/Cas9 |
SBEIIb |
NHEJ |
High amylose content |
[43] |
Maize |
CRISPR/Cas9 |
Wx1 |
NHEJ |
High amylopectin content |
[44] |
Potato |
CRISPR/Cas9 |
Wx1 |
NHEJ |
High amylopectin content |
[45] |
Wheat |
CRISPR/Cas9 |
EDR1 |
NHEJ |
Powdery mildew resistance |
[46] |
Rice |
CRISPR/Cas9 |
OsERF922 |
NHEJ |
Enhanced rice blast resistance |
[47] |
Rice |
CRISPR/Cas9 |
OsSWEET13 |
NHEJ |
Bacterial blight resistance |
[48] |
Tomato |
CRISPR/Cas9 |
SlMLO1 |
NHEJ |
Powdery mildew resistance |
[49] |
Tomato |
CRISPR/Cas9 |
SlJAZ2 |
NHEJ |
Bacterial speck resistance |
[50] |
Grapefruit |
CRISPR/Cas9 |
CsLOB1 promoter |
NHEJ |
Alleviated citrus canker |
[51] |
Orange |
CRISPR/Cas9 |
CsLOB1 promoter |
NHEJ |
Citrus canker resistance |
[52] |
Grapefruit |
CRISPR/Cas9 |
CsLOB1 |
NHEJ |
Citrus canker resistance |
[53] |
Cucumber |
CRISPR/Cas9 |
eIF4E |
NHEJ |
Virus resistance |
[54] |
Mushroom |
CRISPR/Cas9 |
PPO |
NHEJ |
Anti-browning phenotype |
[55] |
Tomato |
CRISPR/Cas9 |
SP5G |
NHEJ |
Earlier harvest time |
[56] |
Tomato |
CRISPR/Cas9 |
SlAGL6 |
NHEJ |
Parthenocarpy |
[57] |
Maize |
CRISPR/Cas9 |
TMS5 |
NHEJ |
Thermosensitive male-sterile |
[58] |
Rice |
CRISPR/Cas9 |
OsMATL |
NHEJ |
Induction of haploid plants |
[59] |
Tomato |
CRISPR/Cas9 |
SP, SP5G, CLV3, WUS, GGP1 |
NHEJ |
Tomato domestication |
[60] |
Rice |
CRISPR/Cas9 |
ALS |
HR |
Herbicide resistance |
[61] |
Rice |
CRISPR/Cas9 |
ALS |
HR |
Herbicide resistance |
[62] |
Rice |
CRISPR/Cas9 |
EPSPS |
NHEJ |
Herbicide resistance |
[63] |
Rice |
CRISPR/Cas9 |
ALS |
HR |
Herbicide resistance |
[64] |
Soybean |
CRISPR/Cas9 |
ALS |
HR |
Herbicide resistance |
[65] |
Maize |
CRISPR/Cas9 |
ALS |
HR |
Herbicide resistance |
[66] |
Potato |
CRISPR/Cas9 |
ALS |
HR |
Herbicide resistance |
[67] |
Flax |
CRISPR/Cas9 |
EPSPS |
HR |
Herbicide resistance |
[68] |
Cassava |
CRISPR/Cas9 |
EPSPS |
HR |
Herbicide resistance |
[69] |
Maize |
CRISPR/Cas9 |
ARGOS8 |
HR |
Drought stress tolerance |
[70] |
CRISPR clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, HR homologous recombination, NHEJ non-homologous end joining, TALEN transcription activator-like effector nuclease, ZFN zinc-finger nuclease
…
[T]he CRISPR/Cas -gene-editing] system is characterized by its simplicity, efficiency, and low cost, and by its ability to target multiple genes. Because of these characteristic features, CRISPR/Cas9 …. may be an effective solution to a variety of problems in plant breeding. To date, many crops such as rice, maize, wheat, soybean, barley, sorghum, potato, tomato, flax, rapeseed, Camelina, cotton, cucumber, lettuce, grapes, grapefruit, apple, oranges, and watermelon have been edited by this technique…
With the progress already made in the development of genome-editing tools and the development of new breakthroughs, genome editing promises to play a key role in speeding up crop breeding and in meeting the ever-increasing global demand for food. Moreover, the exigencies of climate change call for great flexibility and innovation in crop resilience and production systems. In addition, we must take into account government regulations and consumer acceptance around the use of these new breeding technologies.
Read full, original article: Applications and potential of genome editing in crop improvement